Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix! [Idaho Stampede NBA D-League in Boise, ID & Affiliate Utah Chili' Jazz]) 227's™ Honors National Breast Cancer Awareness Month! Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's YouTube Chili' Microsoft! Spicy' NFL MLB NBA Mix) https://twitter.com/microsoft227 * http://www.nike.com Xbox, Bing, Windows, Office, Dynamics & Skype! Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 Microsoft! https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamaalaldin * https://pressroom.prlog.org/Hoops227 * https://www.youtube.com/user/jamaalaldintv * https://www.facebook.com/227sYouTubeChili.NBA.Mix
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*** Jamaal Al-Din, "The World's #1 Sports Blogger (Chili' NBA)"!!! From Grand Rapids, Chili' Michigan!!! As of April 25, 2015 - 1,000,000 (1 Chili' MILLION) tweets on Twitter and 1,998 Press Releases !!!! NCAA Chili' Final Four!!! NBA Chili' Playoffs & NBA Chili' Championship!!! 227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix!!! ***
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Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA 2015 - 2016 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:
Atlanta Hawks / Boston Celtics / Charlotte Bobcats / Chicago Bulls / Cleveland Cavaliers / Dallas Mavericks / Denver Nuggets / Detroit Pistons / Golden State Warriors / Houston Rockets / Indiana Pacers / Los Angeles Clippers / Los Angeles Lakers / Memphis Grizzlies / Miami Heat / Milwaukee Bucks / Minnesota Timberwolves / New Jersey Nets / New Orleans Hornets / New York Knicks / Orlando Magic / Philadelphia 76ers / Phoenix Suns / Portland Trail Blazers / Sacramento Kings / San Antonio Spurs / Oklahoma City Thunder (OKC) / Toronto Raptors / Utah Jazz / Washington Wizards
AFC East * Buffalo Bills / Miami Dolphins / New England Patriots / New York Jets / AFC North * Baltimore Ravens / Cincinnati Bengals / Cleveland Browns / Pittsburgh Steelers / AFC South * Houston Texans / Indianapolis Colts / Jacksonville Jaguars / Tennessee Titans / AFC West * Denver Broncos / Kansas City Chiefs / Oakland Raiders / San Diego Chargers / NFC East * Dallas Cowboys / New York Giants / Philadelphia Eagles / Washington Redskins / NFC North * Chicago Bears / Detroit Lions / Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings / NFC South * Atlanta Falcons / Carolina Panthers / New Orleans Saints / Tampa Bay Buccaneers / NFC West * Arizona Cardinals / St. Louis Rams / San Francisco 49ers / Seattle Seahawks
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Boise State's LYLE Chili' SMITH *100* Spicy' years old! Statue Spicy' Unveiled! NFL NBA Mix) "We're celebrating one of those Spicy' icons of Chili' excellence and Chili' success," said President Spicy' Bob Chili' Kustra.
227's™ YouTube Chili' Boise State's LYLE Chili' SMITH 100 YRS OLD! Statue Spicy' Unveiled! NBA Mix. Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Boise State's LYLE Chili' SMITH *100*! Statue Spicy' Unveiled!) "We're celebrating one of those Spicy' icons of Chili' excellence and Chili' success," said President Bob Chili' Kustra.
227's President Spicy' Bob Chili' Kustra's presentation was elegant and fitting; 'The Bronco Way'" said Al-Din. "100 years old; that's alot of vitamin B (***B-for BRONCO'liciously'Spicy'Chili'!!! Congratulations to Lyle Chili' Smith!!!***)."
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' #BIBLICAL'Spicy'QB KURT Chili' WARNER! Matthew 6:33 Super Bowl MVP! SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM.) The Walter Chili' Payton NFL Man of the Year! 227's salutes the Kurt Warner Foundation! NFL NBA Mix!
227's™ YouTube Chili' #BIBLICAL'Spicy'QB KURT Chili' WARNER NFL NBA Mix! Spread the Word: News By Tag:* 227's YouTube Chili NBA By Industry:* Sports BOISE, Idaho - Sept. 6, 2016 - PRLog -- Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' #BIBLICAL'Spicy'QB KURT Chili' WARNER! Matthew 6:33 Super Bowl MVP! SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM...) The Walter Chili' Payton #SWEETNESS'liciously'Spicy' NFL Man of the Year! 227's salutes the Kurt Warner Foundation! NFL NBA Mix!
227's "This morning I ended up on a news website located in Iowa. It's football season and I immediately thought of the Super Bowl Champion quarterback and MVP Kurt Chili' Warner," said Al-Din. "The Kurt Chili' Warner First Things First Foundation website communicates the values of righteous people, Christianity, and good spirit. It's Spicy' Chili'!"
227's Take a look at the Kurt Chili' and Brenda Chili' Warner First Things First Foundation website and you'll be encouraged to become a leader in your community. It's great! 227's "Now I see why the 'Spicy' Chili' 'GREATEST SHOW ON TURF' (***Kurt Chili' Warner, Marshall Chili' Faulk, Isaac Chili' Bruce and Az Chili' Hakim***) was so Spicy' Chili' electric and won the Super Bowl," said Al-Din. "Kurt's an incredible Spicy' Chili' leader and his Spicy' foundation represents a really good cause. Like #Nike says, 'I'm 'ALL CHILI' IN'!"
227's Jamaal's Favorite Spicy' Chili' Photos at kurtwarner.org:
1.) Kurt and Brenda dazzled on red carpet for Celebrity Fight Night where Kurt gave the invocation.
2.) Big Group Photo at Disney Family Reunion 2016 (Yeung Photography)
3.) First Things First donated stockings with goodies including gift cards to organizations supporting refugees as well as organizations supporting women rescued from sex trafficking.
227's Kurt Chili' Warner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
No. 13 Position: Quarterback Personal information Date of birth: June 22, 1971 (age 45) Place of birth: Burlington, Iowa Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight: 214 lb (97 kg)
Career information
High school: Cedar Rapids (IA) Regis College:Northern Iowa Undrafted: 1994
Career history
• Green Bay Packers (1994)* • Iowa Barnstormers (1995–1997) • Amsterdam Admirals (1998) • St. Louis Rams (1998–2003) • New York Giants (2004) • Arizona Cardinals (2005–2009)
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only Career highlights and awards
NFL
• Super Bowl champion (XXXIV) • Super Bowl MVP (XXXIV) • Walter Payton Man of the Year (2008) • 4× Pro Bowl (1999–2001, 2008) • 2× First-Team All-Pro (1999, 2001) • 2× NFL Most Valuable Player (1999, 2001) • NFL passing yards leader (2001) • 2× NFL passing touchdowns leader (1999, 2001) • Bert Bell Award (1999) • Arizona Cardinals Ring of Honor
AFL
• 2× First Team All-Arena (1996, 1997) • Iowa Barnstormers Hall of Fame • Arena Football Hall of Fame • Iowa Barnstormers No. 13 retired
Career NFL statistics
Pass attempts: 4,070 Pass completions: 2,666 Percentage: 65.5 TD–INT: 208–128 Passing yards: 32,344 Passer rating: 93.7 Player stats at NFL.com
Kurtis Eugene "Kurt" Warner (born June 22, 1971) is a former American football quarterback, a current part-time TV football analyst, and a philanthropist.[1] He played for three National Football League (NFL) teams: St. Louis Rams, the New York Giants, and the Arizona Cardinals.
227's™ YouTube Chili' Kurt Chili' Warner, First Things First Foundation, NFL and NBA Spicy' Videos (9/6/2016): Kurt Warner - 12th Annual Ultimate Football Experience Draft Party * 3 Fold News Correspondent Shayla Crim spoke to Former Arizona Cardinals Kurt Warner at his 12th Annual Ultimate Football Experience Draft Party. * Kurt and Brenda Warner give local families a Thanksgiving surprise * Former Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner and his wife Brenda surprises two Arizona families by fully furnishing their two homes. This was done through their First Things First Foundation and various corporate partners. * It was Shaq's birthday on March 6, 2000 where he poured in 61 points and 28 rebounds for one of the best performances of his career. * Yao Ming vs Dallas Mavericks: 2005 Playoffs Game 2 Full Highlights - 33 points, 8 rebs and 2 blocks * To celebrate the basketball Hall of Fame, we look back at Yao Ming's dominant performance in the 2005 Playoffs vs Dallas. Game 2: 33 points, 8 boards & 2 blocks. Shot 13 for 14.
*** Jamaal Al-Din, "The World's #1 Sports Blogger (Chili' NBA)"!!! As of April 25, 2015 - 1,000,000 (1 Chili' MILLION) tweets on Twitter and 1,998 Press Releases !!!! NCAA Chili' Final Four!!! NBA Chili' Playoffs & NBA Chili' Championship!!! 227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix!!! ***
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' #BIBLICAL'Spicy'QB Kurt Chili' Warner! Matthew 6:33 Super Bowl MVP NBA Mix! ***Video: Kurt and Brenda Warner give local families a Thanksgiving surprise*** #Matthew6:33'liciously'Spicy' *SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM* Kurt Chili' Warner Super Bowl Champion and MVP QB NFL NBA Mix)
*** Graduate of the ZIONS Bank (Boise, ID) Business Success Academy *** Thank-you to Karen Appelgren - Assistant Director, Sheila Spangler - Vice President & Director, and Utah Jazz (NBA) Basketball Sponsor & Boise State University Athletics Sponsor - ZIONS Bank
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA 2015 - 2016 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:
AFC East * Buffalo Bills / Miami Dolphins / New England Patriots / New York Jets / AFC North * Baltimore Ravens / Cincinnati Bengals / Cleveland Browns / Pittsburgh Steelers / AFC South * Houston Texans / Indianapolis Colts / Jacksonville Jaguars / Tennessee Titans / AFC West * Denver Broncos / Kansas City Chiefs / Oakland Raiders / San Diego Chargers / NFC East * Dallas Cowboys / New York Giants / Philadelphia Eagles / Washington Redskins / NFC North * Chicago Bears / Detroit Lions / Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings / NFC South * Atlanta Falcons / Carolina Panthers / New Orleans Saints / Tampa Bay Buccaneers / NFC West * Arizona Cardinals / Los Angeles Rams / San Francisco 49ers / Seattle Seahawks Contact Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc.***@spicynbachili.com
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' #BIBLICAL'Spicy'QB KURT Chili' WARNER! Matthew 6:33 Super Bowl MVP! SEEK FIRST HIS KINGDOM...) The Walter Chili' Payton #SWEETNESS'liciously'Spicy' NFL Man of the Year! 227's salutes the Kurt Warner Foundation! NFL NBA Mix!
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227's™ YouTube Chili' Hillary Chili' Clinton Spicy' President NBA Mix is on Facebook.To connect with 227's YouTube Chili' Hillary Chili' Clinton Spicy' President NBA Mix, sign up for Facebook today.Sign...
The donkey party logo is still a well-known symbol for the Democratic Party, despite not being the official logo of the party.
The Democratic donkey party logo in a modernized "kicking donkey" form
Initially calling itself the "Republican Party," Jeffersonians were labeled "Democratic" by the opposition Federalists, with the hope of stigmatizing them as purveyors of democracy or mob rule.[27] By the Jacksonian era, the term "The Democracy" was in use by the party; the name "Democratic Party" was eventually settled upon[28]and became the official name in 1844.[29] Members of the party are called "Democrats" or "Dems".
The term "Democrat party" has also been in local use but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as an epithet.
The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey, or jackass.[30]Andrew Jackson's enemies twisted his name to "jackass" as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. However, the Democrats liked the common-man implications and picked it up too, so the image persisted and evolved.[31] Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of Thomas Nastfrom 1870 in Harper's Weekly. Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats, and the elephant to represent the Republicans.
In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Midwestern states such as Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle. This symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia[32]ballots. In New York, the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.[33] For the majority of the 20th century, Missouri Democrats used the Statue of Liberty as their ballot emblem. This meant that, whenLibertarian candidates received ballot access in Missouri in 1976, they could not use the Statue of Liberty, their national symbol, as the ballot emblem. Missouri Libertarians instead used the Liberty Bell until 1995, when the mule became Missouri's state animal. From 1995 to 2004, there was some confusion among voters, as the Democratic ticket was marked with the Statue of Liberty (used by Libertarians in other states) and the Libertarians' mule was easily mistaken for a Democratic donkey.[citation needed]
Although both major political parties (and many minor ones) use the traditional American colors of red, white, and blue in their marketing and representations, since election night 2000, blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party, while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party. That night, for the first time, all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: blue states for Al Gore (Democratic nominee) and red states for George W. Bush (Republican nominee). Since then, the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party. This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the right and red the color of the left.[citation needed] For example, in Canada, red represents the Liberals, while blue represents the Conservatives. In the United Kingdom, red denotes the Labour Party and blue symbolizes the Conservative Party. Blue has also been used both by party supporters for promotional efforts—ActBlue, BuyBlue, BlueFund, as examples—and by the party itself in 2006 both for its "Red to Blue Program", created to support Democratic candidates running against Republican incumbents in the midterm elections that year, and on its official website.
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM FEMALE BODYBUILDER! Barbie Chili' Thomas! AMAZING! NBA Mix) YouTube video details Barbie driving to grocery store using her feet to steer the Spicy' steering wheel! She's INCREDIBLE! NBA!
227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM FEMALE Spicy' BODYBUILDER! Barbie Thomas! NBA! BOISE, Idaho - Jan. 15, 2016 - PRLog -- Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM Spicy' FEMALE Chili' BODYBUILDER! Barbie Chili' Thomas! AMAZING! NBA Mix) YouTube video details Barbie Thomas driving to grocery store using her feet to steer the Spicy' steering wheel (:29 seconds of the YouTube video)! She's INCREDIBLE! NBA Bodybuilder'liciously' Grocery'liciously' Shopper'liciously' Spicy' Mix!
***227's "I saw this YouTube video during the holiday season and my immediate reaction was 'how would Barbie get one of those Chilliciously' Patti'liciously' Sweet'liciously' Spicy' delicious Patti Chili' LaBelle Sweet Potato Pies off the shelf at Wal-Mart," said Al-Din. "She's beating the Chili' odds! Overcoming all Spicy' obstacles! 227's Barbie Chili' Thomas!"***
227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM Spicy' FEMALE BODYBUILDER! Barbie Thomas! NBA Mix! BOISE, Idaho - Jan. 15, 2016 - PRLog --...
A day in the life of a no arm bodybuilder! The daily occurances that so many people take for granted, are so challenging for Barbie Thomas, but she's overcoming it all! WOW Chili'! Her courage is admired by people throughout the entire United States!
***Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix) Where AMAZING Chili' Happens!!!!!!!!!!!!!!***
"My Spicy' Chili' admiration grew Chili' Pepper'liciously' incredibly Spicy' when I saw Barbie put her feet onto the steering wheel and start driving to the grocery store," said Al-Din. "I said to myself, 'what can't this lady do?!!?!? She really is an incredible person!"
ABC News excerpt: "Barbie Thomas lost both her arms at the age of 2. She was playing outside her Texas apartment complex and climbed onto a transformer, grabbling on to the wires. The electric current traveled through her little body, from her hands out her feet, burning her arms to the bone."
***227's "I thought Barbie Chili' Thomas' driving was a Spicy' Chili' spectacle, and then she Chilliciously' topped everything off by...you Chili' guessed it......the gallon jug of water in the grocery cart after she completed her shopping (I thought 'how's she going to get that into the car) yep, she picked the gallon of water up with her foot and put it in the back seat of the car!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"***
227's™ YouTube Chili' Barbie Chili' Thomas, Bodybuilding and NBA Chili' Videos (1/15/2016): Woman With No Arms Became A Body Builder - Barbie Thomas * Meet 37-year-old Barbie Thomas the unbelievable armless female body builder, who is inspiring United States of America. Barbie lost both her arms during a horrifying electric accident as a child; however, that hasn't stopped her from pursuing her dream of being a body builder. * Day in the life of Barbie Thomas on Lighten Up! with Catherine Tyson Part 2 * Teacher With No Arms Inspires Students * LAKEWOOD, Ohio —Managing a classroom full of 30 anxious fifth-graders is hard enough, but for one Ohio teacher, there's an extra challenge. * Girl With No Arms Shows How She Gets Dressed! * 'I bust my buns when someone tells me I can't do it': Barbie * Top 10 NBA Plays: January 14th * Check out the Top 10 plays from Thursday's action around the Association. * NBA Recap Cleveland Cavaliers vs San Antonio Spurs | January 14, 2016 | Highlights * New Orleans Pelicans vs Sacramento Kings - Highlights | January 13, 2016 | NBA 2015-16 Season * NBA 2K16 Presents: Face Scan on PC w/ Intel® RealSense™ camera
*** Jamaal Al-Din, "The World's #1 Sports Blogger (Chili' NBA)"!!! As of April 25, 2015 - 1,000,000 (1 Chili' MILLION) tweets on Twitter and 1,998 Press Releases !!!! NCAA Chili' Final Four!!! NBA Chili' Playoffs & NBA Chili' Championship!!! 227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix!!! ***
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM Spicy' FEMALE BODYBUILDER! Barbie Chili' Thomas! She's Spicy' AMAZING! NBA Mix)
*** Graduate of the ZIONS Bank (Boise, ID) Business Success Academy *** Thank-you to Karen Appelgren - Assistant Director, Sheila Spangler - Vice President & Director, and Utah Jazz (NBA) Basketball Sponsor (Affiliate Team of NBA D-League Idaho Chili' Stampede) & Boise State University Athletics Sponsor - ZIONS Bank
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA 2015 - 2016 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:
Atlanta Hawks / Boston Celtics / Charlotte Bobcats / Chicago Bulls / Cleveland Cavaliers / Dallas Mavericks / Denver Nuggets / Detroit Pistons / Golden State Warriors / Houston Rockets / Indiana Pacers / Los Angeles Clippers / Los Angeles Lakers / Memphis Grizzlies / Miami Heat / Milwaukee Bucks / Minnesota Timberwolves / New Jersey Nets / New Orleans Hornets / New York Knicks / Orlando Magic / Philadelphia 76ers / Phoenix Suns / Portland Trail Blazers / Sacramento Kings / San Antonio Spurs / Oklahoma City Thunder (OKC) / Toronto Raptors / Utah Jazz / Washington Wizards Contact Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc.***@hoops227.co--- End ---
...227's "How would Barbie get one of those Chilliciously' Patti'liciously' Sweet'liciously' Spicy' delicious Patti Chili' LaBelle sweet potato pies or tasty cakes off the shelf at Wal-Mart," said Al-Din. "She's beating the Chili' odds! Overcoming all Spicy' obstacles! 227's Barbie Chili' Thomas!" Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NO ARM Spicy' FEMALE Chili' BODYBUILDER! Barbie Chili' Thomas! AMAZING! NBA Mix) YouTube video details Barbie Thomas driving to grocery store using her feet to steer the Spicy' steering wheel (:29 seconds of the YouTube video)! She's incredible! NBA Bodybuilder'liciously' Grocery'liciously' Shopperliciously' Spicy' Mix!
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Jamaal's Spicy' Muscle! Bench Press 416 lbs! Rock Hard Body! NBA Bodybuilding Mix) Martial Arts Training (Tae Kwon Do), Weight Lifting, Sit-Ups, Subway Turkey Sub Sandwiches! NBA Fitness Mix!
227's™ Jamaal's Bodybuilding Spicy' Muscle! Jamaal's Bench Press 416 lbs! NBA! BOISE, Idaho - Oct. 20, 2015 - PRLog -- Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Jamaal's Spicy' Muscle Fitness! Bench Press 416 lbs! Jamaal's Rock Hard Body! NBA Chili'! NBA Bodybuilding Mix) Martial Arts Training (Tae Kwon Do), Weight Lifting, 780 Sit-Ups (Daily [between 4-5:30 am]), and 227's Jamaal's Favorite Subway Turkey Sub Sandwiches! NBA Fit Mix!
Jamaal Al-Din says "GET Chili' FIT TODAY! It's Spicy! NBA!"
*** Thanks to the photo taken by Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. employee Ms. Destinyé V. Alacriccio, from Malawe, Africa, during post-workout, relax time in the hot tub! Jamaal's amazing body transformation! ***
"Jamaal's dedication and compassion for muscle fitness is amazing," said Destinyé. "I majored in Physical Fitness at Columbia University and educationally Jamaal's knowledge of muscle fitness is amazing."
*** Jamaal Al-Din's nutritional protocol regimen: 1a.) Jamaal's diet does not include consumption of pork products. ***
Jamaal Al-Din exercises at several local gyms including Grove Fitness Club & Spa (home of the NBA D-League Idaho Stampede) and Planet Fitness.Planet FitnessFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Planet fitness)PFIP, LLC.Trading name Planet FitnessType PublicTraded as NYSE: PLNTIndustry Exercising, Health ClubsFounded 1992Number of locations 1000Website www.planetfitness.comPlanet Fitness is an American franchise of fitness centers based in Newington, New Hampshire.[1] Each gym features exercise equipment and fitness instructors to assist its members. It markets itself as a "Judgement Free Zone" that caters to novice and casual gym users. Planet Fitness currently has 1000 club locations across the US, with recent expansion into Canada.SponsorsAs of January 2012, it is the national gym sponsor of NBC's reality show, The Biggest Loser. The contestants on the show will work out on Planet Fitness equipment while at The Biggest Loser Ranch in Calabasas, California, and then at Planet Fitness gyms near their homes, working with Planet Fitness fitness instructors.[9]In March of 2013, Planet Fitness partnered with 50 Cent to sell his energy drink "Street King.""I maxed out at 416 lbs on bench press today" said Al-Din. My fitness and martial arts training is coming along really good. My muscles feel firm from nutritious eating of vitamin and protein rich foods."Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. is collaborating with several health & fitness organizations based in New York, Seattle, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Dallas and Orlando with plans for the Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. vitamin infused bottled water.227's Jamaal's Favorite! Nutrition information for the standard 6" sub recipe of the Subway Turkey Sub.SERVING SIZE (g)217CALORIES280Calories from Fat30TOTAL FAT (g)3.5Saturated Fat (g)1Trans Fat* (g)0CHOLESTEROL (mg)20SODIUM (mg)670CARBOHYDRATES (G)46Dietary Fiber (g)5Sugars (g)7PROTEIN (G)18VITAMIN A % DV8VITAMIN C % DV20CALCIUM % DV30IRON % DV227's™ YouTube Chili' Muscle & Fitness and NBA Chili' Videos (10/20/2015): iM A FiTNESS COACH!?! * The journey and mission to get the big bro in shape is in full effect!! * 1 Year Natural Fitness TRANSFORMATION - Vegan Bodybuilding * SurfSET Fitness - Accidentally Exercising with Aspyn Ovard Ep. 2 * Aspyn Ovard tries fun and off-the-wall workouts that aren't work. * The best kept secrets in fitness (You need to hear this) * NBA Canada Series: Raptors and Timberwolves in Ottawa * All-Access look at the Timberwolves-Raptors game at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa. Cory Joseph of the Raptors, Andrew Wiggins of the Timberwolves along with Jim Naismith, grandson of Dr. James Naismith, meet earlier at the Taggart Family YMCA to help refurbish a court. * Miami Heat vs Houston Rockets - Highlights | October 17, 2015 | 2015 NBA Preseason * NBA 2K16 My Player Career - Part 30 - Steph Curry's Jumpshot! (PS4 Gameplay) * Jeremy Lin Scores 13 Points in 16 Minutes - NBA Global Games * Jeremy Lin scores 13 points in 16 minutes of action during the NBA Global Games in Shanghai, China.
*** Jamaal Al-Din, "The World's #1 Sports Blogger (Chili' NBA)"!!! As of April 25, 2015 - 1,000,000 (1 Chili' MILLION) tweets on Twitter and 1,998 Press Releases !!!! NCAA Chili' Final Four!!! NBA Chili' Playoffs & NBA Chili' Championship!!! 227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix!!! ***
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Spicy' Fit Clinic - Part I NBA Mix)
*** Graduate of the ZIONS Bank (Boise, ID) Business Success Academy *** Thank-you to Karen Appelgren - Assistant Director, Sheila Spangler - Vice President & Director, and Utah Jazz (NBA) Basketball Sponsor (Affiliate Team of NBA D-League Idaho Chili' Stampede) & Boise State University Athletics Sponsor - ZIONS Bank
https://www.facebook.com/227sYouTubeChili.NBA.Mix
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA 2015 - 2016 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:Atlanta Hawks / Boston Celtics / Charlotte Bobcats / Chicago Bulls / Cleveland Cavaliers / Dallas Mavericks / Denver Nuggets / Detroit Pistons / Golden State Warriors / Houston Rockets / Indiana Pacers / Los Angeles Clippers / Los Angeles Lakers / Memphis Grizzlies / Miami Heat / Milwaukee Bucks / Minnesota Timberwolves / New Jersey Nets / New Orleans Hornets / New York Knicks / Orlando Magic / Philadelphia 76ers / Phoenix Suns / Portland Trail Blazers / Sacramento Kings / San Antonio Spurs / Oklahoma City Thunder (OKC) / Toronto Raptors / Utah Jazz / Washington Wizards Contact Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc.***@hoops227.co
227's™ Jamaal's Spicy' Muscle! Bench Press 416 lbs! Rock Hard Chili' Fitness! NBA Muscle Mix! | PRLog Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Jamaal's Spicy' Muscle Fitness! Bench Press 416 lbs! Jamaal's Rock Hard Body! NBA Chili'! NBA Bodybuilding Mix) Martial Arts Training (Tae Kwon Do), Weight Lifting, 780 Sit-Ups (Daily [between 4-5:30 am]), and 227's Jamaal's Favorite Subway Turkey Sub Sandwiches! NBA Fit Mix! http://www.prlog.org/12503849-227s-jamaals-spicy-muscle-bench-press-416-lbs-rock-hard-chili-fitness-nba-muscle-mix.html
Jamaal Al-Din says "GET Chili' FIT TODAY! It's Spicy! NBA!"
*** Thanks to the photo taken by Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. employee Ms. Destinyé V. Alacriccio, from Malawe, Africa, during post-workout, relax time in the hot tub! Jamaal's amazing body transformation! ***
"Jamaal's dedication and compassion for muscle fitness is amazing," said Destinyé. "I majored in Physical Fitness at Columbia University and educationally Jamaal's knowledge of muscle fitness is amazing."
Jamaal Al-Din's nutritional protocol regimen: 1a.) Jamaal's diet does not include consumption of pork products.
Jamaal Al-Din exercises at several local gyms including Grove Fitness Club & Spa (home of the NBA D-League Idaho Stampede) and Planet Fitness.
Planet Fitness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Planet fitness)
PFIP, LLC.
Trading name Planet Fitness
Type Public Traded as NYSE: PLNT Industry Exercising, Health Clubs Founded 1992
Number of locations 1000 Website www.planetfitness.com
Planet Fitness is an American franchise of fitness centers based in Newington, New Hampshire.[1] Each gym features exercise equipment and fitness instructors to assist its members. It markets itself as a "Judgement Free Zone" that caters to novice and casual gym users. Planet Fitness currently has 1000 club locations across the US, with recent expansion into Canada.
Sponsors
As of January 2012, it is the national gym sponsor of NBC's reality show, The Biggest Loser. The contestants on the show will work out on Planet Fitness equipment while at The Biggest Loser Ranch in Calabasas, California, and then at Planet Fitness gyms near their homes, working with Planet Fitness fitness instructors.[9]
In March of 2013, Planet Fitness partnered with 50 Cent to sell his energy drink "Street King."
"I maxed out at 416 lbs on bench press today" said Al-Din. My fitness and martial arts training is coming along really good. My muscles feel firm from nutritious eating of vitamin and protein rich foods."
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. is collaborating with several health & fitness organizations based in New York, Seattle, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Dallas and Orlando with plans for the Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. vitamin infused bottled water.
227's Jamaal's Favorite! Nutrition information for the standard 6" sub recipe of the Subway Turkey Sub.
SERVING SIZE (g) 217 CALORIES 280 Calories from Fat 30 TOTAL FAT (g) 3.5 Saturated Fat (g) 1 Trans Fat* (g) 0 CHOLESTEROL (mg) 20 SODIUM (mg) 670 CARBOHYDRATES (G) 46 Dietary Fiber (g) 5 Sugars (g) 7 PROTEIN (G) 18 VITAMIN A % DV 8 VITAMIN C % DV 20 CALCIUM % DV 30 IRON % DV
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Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' Jamaal's Spicy' Muscle Fitness! Bench Press 416 lbs! Jamaal's Rock Hard Body! NBA Chili'! NBA Bodybuilding Mix) Martial Arts Training (Tae Kwon Do), Weight Lifting, 780 Sit-Ups (Daily [between 4-5:30 am]), and 227's Jamaal's Favorite Subway Turkey Sub Sandwiches! NBA Fit Mix! http://www.prlog.org/12503849-227s-jamaals-spicy-muscle-bench-press-416-lbs-rock-hard-chili-fitness-nba-muscle-mix.html Jamaal Al-Din says "GET Chili' FIT TODAY! It's Spicy! NBA!" *** Thanks to the photo taken by Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. employee Ms. Destinyé V. Alacriccio, from Malawe, Africa, during post-workout, relax time in the hot tub! Jamaal's amazing body transformation! *** "Jamaal's dedication and compassion for muscle fitness is amazing," said Destinyé. "I majored in Physical Fitness at Columbia University and educationally Jamaal's knowledge of muscle fitness is amazing." Jamaal Al-Din's nutritional protocol regimen: 1a.) Jamaal's diet does not include consumption of pork products. Jamaal Al-Din exercises at several local gyms including Grove Fitness Club & Spa (home of the NBA D-League Idaho Stampede) and Planet Fitness. Planet Fitness From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Planet fitness) PFIP, LLC. Trading name Planet Fitness Type Public Traded as NYSE: PLNT Industry Exercising, Health Clubs Founded 1992 Number of locations 1000 Website www.planetfitness.com Planet Fitness is an American franchise of fitness centers based in Newington, New Hampshire.[1] Each gym features exercise equipment and fitness instructors to assist its members. It markets itself as a "Judgement Free Zone" that caters to novice and casual gym users. Planet Fitness currently has 1000 club locations across the US, with recent expansion into Canada. Sponsors As of January 2012, it is the national gym sponsor of NBC's reality show, The Biggest Loser. The contestants on the show will work out on Planet Fitness equipment while at The Biggest Loser Ranch in Calabasas, California, and then at Planet Fitness gyms near their homes, working with Planet Fitness fitness instructors.[9] In March of 2013, Planet Fitness partnered with 50 Cent to sell his energy drink "Street King." "I maxed out at 416 lbs on bench press today" said Al-Din. My fitness and martial arts training is coming along really good. My muscles feel firm from nutritious eating of vitamin and protein rich foods." Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. is collaborating with several health & fitness organizations based in New York, Seattle, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Dallas and Orlando with plans for the Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. vitamin infused bottled water. 227's Jamaal's Favorite! Nutrition information for the standard 6" sub recipe of the Subway Turkey Sub. SERVING SIZE (g) 217 CALORIES 280 Calories from Fat 30 TOTAL FAT (g) 3.5 Saturated Fat (g) 1 Trans Fat* (g) 0 CHOLESTEROL (mg) 20 SODIUM (mg) 670 CARBOHYDRATES (G) 46 Dietary Fiber (g) 5 Sugars (g) 7 PROTEIN (G) 18 VITAMIN A % DV 8 VITAMIN C % DV 20 CALCIUM % DV 30 IRON % DV 227's™ YouTube Chili' Muscle & Fitness and NBA Chili' Videos (10/20/2015): iM A FiTNESS COACH!?! * The journey and mission to get the big bro in shape is in full effect!! * 1 Year Natural Fitness TRANSFORMATION - Vegan Bodybuilding * SurfSET Fitness - Accidentally Exercising with Aspyn Ovard Ep. 2 * Aspyn Ovard tries fun and off-the-wall workouts that aren't work. * The best kept secrets in fitness (You need to hear this) * NBA Canada Series: Raptors and Timberwolves in Ottawa * All-Access look at the Timberwolves-Raptors game at the Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa. Cory Joseph of the Raptors, Andrew Wiggins of the Timberwolves along with Jim Naismith, grandson of Dr. James Naismith, meet earlier at the Taggart Family YMCA to help refurbish a court. * Miami Heat vs Houston Rockets - Highlights | October 17, 2015 | 2015 NBA Preseason * NBA 2K16 My Player Career - Part 30 - Steph Curry's Jumpshot! (PS4 Gameplay) * Jeremy Lin Scores 13 Points in 16 Minutes - NBA Global Games * Jeremy Lin scores 13 points in 16 minutes of action during the NBA Global Games in Shanghai, China. *** Jamaal Al-Din, "The World's #1 Sports Blogger (Chili' NBA)"!!! As of April 25, 2015 - 1,000,000 (1 Chili' MILLION) tweets on Twitter and 1,998 Press Releases !!!! NCAA Chili' Final Four!!! NBA Chili' Playoffs & NBA Chili' Championship!!! 227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix!!! *** Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Spicy' Fit Clinic - Part I NBA Mix) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLRFe0Notk4 *** Graduate of the ZIONS Bank (Boise, ID) Business Success Academy *** Thank-you to Karen Appelgren - Assistant Director, Sheila Spangler - Vice President & Director, and Utah Jazz (NBA) Basketball Sponsor (Affiliate Team of NBA D-League Idaho Chili' Stampede) & Boise State University Athletics Sponsor - ZIONS Bank https://www.facebook.com/227sYouTubeChili.NBA.Mix Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227, Inc. 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The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), is a planned space observatory scheduled to launch in October 2018. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength visible to the mid-infrared, and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The telescope features a segmented 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter primary mirror and will be located near the Earth–Sun L2 point. A large sunshield will keep its mirror and four science instruments below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F).
JWST's capabilities will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology.[3] One particular goal involves observing some of the most distant objects in the Universe, beyond the reach of current ground and space based instruments. This includes the very first stars, the epoch of reionization, and the formation of the first galaxies. Another goal is understanding the formation of stars and planets. This will include imaging molecular clouds and star-forming clusters, studying the debris disks around stars, direct imaging of planets, and spectroscopic examination of planetary transits.
In gestation since 1996,[4] the project represents an international collaboration of about 17 countries[5] led by NASA, and with significant contributions from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. It is named after James E. Webb, the second administrator of NASA, who played an integral role in the Apollo program.[6]
The JWST has a history of major cost overruns. In 2011, the United States House of Representatives voted to terminate funding, after about $3 billion had been spent and 75 percent of its hardware was in production.[7] Funding was restored in compromise legislation with the US Senate, and spending on the program was capped at $8 billion.[8] As of December 2014, the telescope remained on schedule and within budget, but at risk of delays.[9]
The telescope has an expected mass about half of Hubble's, but its primary mirror (a 6.5 meter diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector) will have a collecting area about five times larger (25 m2 vs. 4.5 m2). The JWST is oriented towards near-infrared astronomy, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument. The telescope will focus on the near to mid-infrared for three main reasons: high-redshift objects have their visible emissions shifted into the infrared, cold objects such as debris disks and planets emit most strongly in the infrared, and this band is very hard to study from the ground or by existing space telescopes such as Hubble.
The JWST will operate near the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 mi) beyond the Earth. Objects near this point can orbit the Sun in synchrony with the Earth, allowing the telescope to remain at a roughly constant distance[11] and use a single sunshield to block heat and light from the Sun and Earth. This will keep the temperature of the spacecraft below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F), necessary for infrared observations.[12]
Launch is scheduled for 2018 on an Ariane 5 rocket. Its nominal mission length is five years, with a goal of ten years.[13][14] The prime contractor is Northrop Grumman.
Development
Comparison with Hubble primary mirror
Early development work for a Hubble successor between 1989 and 1994 led to the Hi-Z[15] telescope concept, a fully baffled[Note 1] 4-meter aperture infrared telescope going out to 3 AU in its orbit.[16] The distant orbit helped reduce light noise from zodiacal dust.[16] Other early plans called for a NEXUS precursor telescope mission.[17][18]
In the "faster, better, cheaper" era in the mid-1990s, NASA leaders pushed for a low-cost space telescope.[19] The result was the NGST, with an 8 meter aperture and located at L2, estimated to cost $500 million.[19] In 1997, NASA worked with the Goddard Space Flight Center,[20]Ball Aerospace,[21] and TRW[22] to conduct technical requirement and cost studies, and in 1999 selected Lockheed Martin[23] and TRW for preliminary design concepts.[24] In 2002, NASA awarded the $824.8 million prime contract for the NGST, now renamed the James Webb Space Telescope, to TRW. The design called for a 6.1-meter (20 ft) primary mirror and a launch date of 2010.[25] Later that year, TRW would be acquired by Northrop Grumman in a hostile bid and became Northrop Grumman Space Technology/Ball Aerospace.[24]
The telescope's delays and cost increases can be compared to the Hubble Space Telescope.[26] When it formally started in 1972, what came to be known as Hubble had a then estimated development cost of $300 million (or about $1 billion in 2006 constant dollars),[26] but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, cost about four times that.[26] In addition, new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least $9 billion by 2006.[26]
A 2006 article in the journal Nature noted a study in 1984 by the Space Science Board, which estimated that a next generation infrared observatory would cost $4 billion (about $7 billion in 2006 dollars).[26]
Other major telescope concepts that have either been canceled, studied, or are not approaching launch include MAXIM (Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission), SAFIR (Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory), SUVO (Space Ultraviolet-Visible Observatory), SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure), and the aforementioned canceled TPF, SIM, LISA, and IXO.
Mission
Infrared observations can see objects hidden in visible light, HUDF-JD2 shown
The JWST's primary scientific mission has four main components: to search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe after the Big Bang, to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, to understand the formation of stars and planetary systems and to study planetary systems and the origins of life.[27] These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum. For this reason the JWST's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform infrared astronomy. The JWST will be sensitive to a range of wavelengths from 0.6 (orange light) to 28 micrometers (deep infrared radiation at about 100 K (−170 °C; −280 °F)).
Infrared astronomy
JWST is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and since its primary emphasis is on infrared observation, it is also a successor to the Spitzer Space Telescope. JWST will far surpass both those telescopes, being able to see many more and much older stars and galaxies.[28] Observing in the infrared is a key technique for achieving this, because it better penetrates obscuring dust and gas, allows observation of dim cooler objects, and because of cosmological redshift. Since water vapor and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere strongly absorbs most infrared, ground-based infrared astronomy is limited to narrow wavelength ranges where the atmosphere absorbs less strongly. Additionally, the atmosphere itself radiates in the infrared, often overwhelming light from the object being observed. This makes space the ideal place for infrared observation.[29]
The distant universe: The more distant an object is, the younger it appears: its light has taken longer to reach us. Because the universe is expanding, as the light travels it becomes red-shifted, and these objects are therefore easier to see if viewed in the infrared.[30] JWST's infrared capabilities are expected to let it see all the way to the very first galaxies forming just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.[31]
Dust penetration: Infrared radiation is better able to pass freely through dusty regions of space that scatter radiation in the visible spectrum. These two images of the Carina Nebula (left margin) were taken with the HST. The top image was photographed utilizing the visible spectrum whereas the bottom image was taken in the infrared using the HST's WFC3 upgrade. Many more stars can be counted in the infrared image than in the visible light image. Observations in infrared allow the study of objects and regions of space which would be obscured by gas and dust in the visible spectrum,[30] such as the molecular clouds where stars are born, the circumstellar disks that give rise to planets, and the cores of active galaxies.[30]
Cool objects: Relatively cool objects (temperatures less than several thousand degrees) emit their radiation primarily in the infrared, as described by Planck's law. As a result, most objects that are cooler than stars are better studied in the infrared. This includes the clouds of the interstellar medium, the "failed stars" called brown dwarfs, planets both in our own and other solar systems, and comets and Kuiper belt objects.
Orbit
JWST will not be exactly at the L2 point, but circle around it in a halo orbit.
The JWST will be located near the second Lagrange point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system, which is 1,500,000 kilometers (930,000 mi) from Earth, directly opposite to the Sun. Normally an object circling the Sun farther out than Earth would take longer than one year to complete its orbit, but near the L2 point the combined gravitational pull of the Earth and the Sun allow a spacecraft to orbit the Sun in the same time it takes the Earth. The telescope will circle about the L2 point in a halo orbit, which will be inclined with respect to the ecliptic, have a radius of approximately 800,000 kilometers (500,000 mi), and take about half a year to complete.[11] Since L2 is just an equilibrium point with no gravitational pull, a halo orbit is not an orbit in the usual sense: the spacecraft is actually in orbit around the Sun, and the halo orbit can be thought of as controlled drifting to remain in the vicinity of the L2 point.[32] This requires some station-keeping: around 2–4 m/s per year[33] from the total budget of 150 m/s.[34]
Since the telescope will be so far from Earth (around four times as far away as the Moon), its instruments have not been designed for in-orbit servicing. Nevertheless, the JWST will be equipped with a docking ring so as to not preclude a visit by robotic or crewed spacecraft such as the Orion MPCV for minimal tasks, such as releasing a stuck antenna or solar panel.[35]
Sunshield protection
Test unit of the sunshield stacked and expanded at the Northrop Grumman facility in California
In order to make observations in the infrared spectrum, the JWST must be kept very cold (under 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F)), otherwise infrared radiation from the telescope itself would swamp its instruments. Therefore it uses a large sunshield to block light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, and its position near the Earth-Sun L2 point keeps all three bodies on the same side of the spacecraft at all times.[36] Its halo orbit around L2 avoids the shadow of the Earth and Moon, maintaining a constant environment for the sunshield and solar arrays.[11] The sunshield is made of polyimide film, has membranes coated with aluminum on one side and silicon on the other.
The sunshield is designed to be folded twelve times so it will fit within the Ariane 5 rocket's 4.57 m × 16.19 m shroud. Once deployed at the L2 point, it will unfold to 12.2 m × 18 m. The sunshield was hand-assembled at Man Tech (NeXolve) in Huntsville, Alabama before it was delivered to Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California for testing.[37]
Optics and instruments
Optical design
JWST's primary mirror is a 6.5-meter-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25 m2. This is too large for contemporary launch vehicles, so the mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments, which will unfold after the telescope is launched. Image plane wavefront sensing through phase retrieval will be used to position the mirror segments in the correct location using very precise micro-motors. Subsequent to this initial configuration they will only need occasional updates every few days to retain optimal focus.[38] This is unlike terrestrial telescopes like the Keck which continually adjust their mirror segments using active optics to overcome the effects of gravitational and wind loading, and is made possible because of the lack of environmental disturbances of a telescope in space.
JWST's optical design is a three-mirror anastigmat,[39] which makes use of curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free of optical aberrations over a wide field. In addition, there is a fast steering mirror, which can adjust its position many times a second to provide image stabilization.
Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. is the principal optical subcontractor for the JWST program, led by prime contractor Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, under a contract from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland.[40] Eighteen primary mirror segments, secondary, tertiary and fine steering mirrors, plus flight spares have been fabricated and polished by Ball Aerospace based on beryllium segment blanks manufactured by several companies including Axsys, Brush Wellman, and Tinsley Laboratories. As of June 2011, the first set of six fully completed mirror segments, including rigid supporting frames and cryogenic actuators, was undergoing final testing at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and testing all of the remaining mirrors was completed by December 2011, two months ahead of schedule.[41]
Scientific instruments
The Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) contains four science instruments and a guide camera.[42]
NIRCam model
NIRSpec model
MIRI model
Near InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) is an infrared imager which will have a spectral coverage ranging from the edge of the visible (0.6 micrometers) through the near infrared (5 micrometers).[43][44][45] NIRCam will also serve as the observatory's wavefront sensor, which is required for wavefront sensing and control activities. NIRCam is being built by a team led by the University of Arizona, with Principal Investigator Marcia Rieke. The industrial partner is Lockheed-Martin's Advanced Technology Center located in Palo Alto, California.[46]
Near InfraRed Spectrograph (NIRSpec) will also perform spectroscopy over the same wavelength range. It is being built by the European Space Agency at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands. The leading development team is composed of people from Astrium, Ottobrunn and Friedrichshafen, Germany, and the Goddard Space Flight Center; with Pierre Ferruit as NIRSpec project scientist. The NIRSpec design provides 3 observing modes: a low-resolution mode using a prism, an R~1000 multi-object mode and an R~2700 integral field unit or long-slit spectroscopy mode.[47] Switching of the modes is done by operating a wavelength preselection mechanism called the Filter Wheel Assembly, and selecting a corresponding dispersive element (prism or grating) using the Grating Wheel Assembly mechanism. Both mechanisms are based on the successful ISOPHOT wheel mechanisms of the Infrared Space Observatory. The multi-object mode relies on a complex micro-shutter mechanism to allow for simultaneous observations of hundreds of individual objects anywhere in NIRSpec's field of view. The mechanisms and their optical elements are being designed,[48] integrated and tested by Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH of Oberkochen, Germany, under contract from Astrium.[49]
Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) will measure the mid-infrared wavelength range from 5 to 27 micrometers. It contains both a mid-IR camera and an imaging spectrometer.[50] MIRI is being developed as a collaboration between NASA and a consortium of European countries, and is led by George Rieke (University of Arizona) and Gillian Wright (UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Edinburgh, part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)).[46] MIRI features similar wheel mechanisms as NIRSpec which are also developed and built by Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH under contract from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg.[51][52][53] The completed Optical Bench Assembly of MIRI was delivered to Goddard in mid-2012 for eventual integration into the ISIM.
Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS), led by the Canadian Space Agency under project scientist John Hutchings (Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council of Canada), is used to stabilize the line-of-sight of the observatory during science observations. Measurements by the FGS are used both to control the overall orientation of the spacecraft and to drive the fine steering mirror for image stabilization. The Canadian Space Agency is also providing a Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) module for astronomical imaging and spectroscopy in the 0.8 to 5 micrometer wavelength range, led by principal investigator René Doyon at the University of Montreal.[46] Because the NIRISS is physically mounted together with the FGS, they are often referred to as a single unit, but they serve entirely different purposes, with one being a scientific instrument and the other being a part of the observatory's support infrastructure.
The infrared detectors for the NIRCam, NIRSpec, FGS, and NIRISS modules are being provided by Teledyne Imaging Sensors (formerly Rockwell Scientific Company).
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) and Command and Data Handling (ICDH) engineering team uses SpaceWire to send data between the science instruments and the data-handling equipment.[54]
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is leading the management of the observatory project. The project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope is John C. Mather. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems serves as the primary contractor for the development and integration of the observatory. They are responsible for developing and building the spacecraft element, which includes both the spacecraft bus and sunshield. Ball Aerospace has been subcontracted to develop and build the Optical Telescope Element (OTE). Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace business unit has been contracted to build the Deployable Tower Assembly (DTA) which connects the OTE to the spacecraft bus[55] and the Mid Boom Assembly (MBA) which helps to deploy the large sunshields on orbit.[56]Goddard Space Flight Center is also responsible for providing the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM).[40]
The observatory attaches to the Ariane 5 rocket via a launch vehicle adapter ring which could be used by a future spacecraft to grapple the observatory to attempt to fix gross deployment problems. However, the telescope itself is not serviceable, and astronauts would not be able to perform tasks such as swapping instruments, as with the Hubble Telescope.
Most of the data processing on the telescope is done by conventional single-board computers.[57] The conversion of the analog science data to digital form is performed by the custom-built SIDECAR ASIC (System for Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control And Retrieval Application Specific Integrated Circuit). It is said[by whom?] that the SIDECAR ASIC will include all the functions of a 20-pound (9.1 kg) instrument box in a package the size of a half-dollar[quantify], and consume only 11 milliwatts of power. Since this conversion must be done close to the detectors, on the cool side of the telescope, the low power use of this IC will be crucial for maintaining the low temperature required for optimal operation of the JWST.[58]
Ground support and operations
The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland has been selected as the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for JWST. In this capacity, STScI will be responsible for the scientific operation of the telescope and delivery of data products to the astronomical community.[59] Data will be transmitted from JWST to the ground via NASA's Deep Space Network, processed and calibrated at STScI, and then distributed online to astronomers worldwide. Similar to how Hubble is operated, anyone, anywhere in the world, will be allowed to submit proposals for observations. Each year several committees of astronomers will peer review the submitted proposals to select the programs to observe in the coming year. The authors of the chosen proposals will typically have one year of private access to the new observations, after which the data will become publicly available for download by anyone from the online archive at STScI.
Program status
NASA, space science industry, and government officials, with a full-size telescope model at Maryland Science Center in Baltimore.
A review of the program released in August 2011, said the cost for the telescope and 5 years of operations will be $8.7 billion with a planned launch in 2018.[60] Of that price about $800 million is for the five years of operations.[61][62] The Webb will be launched from Arianespace's ELA-3 launch complex at European Spaceport located near Kourou, French Guiana. The planned launch vehicle is an Ariane 5 ECA with a cryogenic upper stage.[63][dated info]
History of the program
Cost growth revealed in spring 2005[when?] led to an August 2005 re-planning.[64] The primary technical outcomes of the re-planning were significant changes in the integration and test plans, a 22-month launch delay (from 2011 to 2013), and elimination of system-level testing for observatory modes at wavelength shorter than 1.7 micrometers. Other major features of the observatory were unchanged. Following the re-planning, the program was independently reviewed in April 2006. The review concluded the program was technically sound, but that funding phasing at NASA needed to be changed. NASA re-phased its JWST budgets accordingly.
In the 2005 re-plan, the life-cycle cost of the project was estimated at about US$4.5 billion. This comprised approximately US$3.5 billion for design, development, launch and commissioning, and approximately US$1.0 billion for ten years of operations.[64] ESA is contributing about €300 million, including the launch,[65] and the Canadian Space Agency about $39M Canadian.[66] As of May 2007 costs were still on target.[67]
Early full-scale model on display at NASA Goddard (2005)
In January 2007, nine of the ten technology development items in the program successfully passed a non-advocate review.[69] These technologies were deemed sufficiently mature to retire significant risks in the program. The remaining technology development item (the MIRI cryocooler) completed its technology maturation milestone in April 2007. This technology review represented the beginning step in the process that ultimately moved the program into its detailed design phase (Phase C).
In March 2008, the project successfully completed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR). In April 2008, the project passed the Non-Advocate Review. Other passed reviews include the Integrated Science Instrument Module review in March 2009, the Optical Telescope Element review completed in October 2009, and the Sunshield review completed in January 2010.
In April 2010, the telescope passed the technical portion of its Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR). Passing the MCDR signified the integrated observatory will meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission.[70] The MCDR encompassed all previous design reviews. The project schedule underwent review during the months following the MCDR, in a process called the Independent Comprehensive Review Panel, which led to a re-plan of the mission aiming for 2015, but as late as 2018. By 2010 cost over-runs were impacting other programs, though JWST itself remained on schedule.[71]
By 2011, the JWST program was in the final design and fabrication phase (Phase C). As is typical for a complex design that cannot be changed once launched, there are detailed reviews of every portion of design, construction, and proposed operation. New technological frontiers have been pioneered by the program, and it has passed its design reviews. In the 1990s it was unknown if a telescope so large and light was possible.[72]
The first six primary mirror segments being prepped for final cryogenic acceptance testing.
In April 2011, cryogenic testing of a six-mirror array began. This test is to ensure the mirrors perform to specifications at the temperatures they will encounter.[73]
On June 16, 2014, the ISIM or Integrated Science Instrument Module of the JWST was lowered by a 30-ft cable into Goddard's Space Environment Simulator for a four-month-long thermal vacuum test.[74]
Even with the funding for the telescope secured, the program status remains controversial while the telescope components are being completed.[75]
In June 2011, it was reported that the Webb telescope will cost at least four times more than originally proposed, and launch at least seven years late. Initial budget estimates were that the observatory would cost $1.6 billion and launch in 2011. NASA has now scheduled the telescope for a 2018 launch. A 2013 price estimate put the cost at $8.835 billion.[83]
Some scientists have expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, which competes for scant astronomy budgets and thus threatens funding for other space science programs. A review of NASA budget records and status reports by journalists at Florida Today show the Webb observatory is plagued by many of the same problems that have plagued several other major NASA projects. Mistakes included: underestimates of the telescope’s cost that failed to budget for expected technical glitches, and failure to act on warnings that budgets were being exceeded, thus extending the schedule and increasing costs further.[84]
Proposed U.S. withdrawal
On 6 July 2011, the United States House of Representatives' appropriations committee on Commerce, Justice, and Science moved to cancel the James Webb project by proposing an FY2012 budget that removed $1.9bn from NASA's overall budget, of which roughly one quarter was for JWST.[85][86][87][88] This budget proposal was approved by subcommittee vote the following day; however, in November 2011, Congress reversed plans to cancel the JWST and instead capped additional funding to complete the project at $8 billion.
The committee charged that the project was "billions of dollars over budget and plagued by poor management". The telescope was originally estimated to cost $1.6bn but the cost estimate grew throughout the early development reaching about $5bn by the time the mission was formally confirmed for construction start in 2008. In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Review with excellent grades on all technical matters, but schedule and cost slips at that time prompted US Senator Barbara Mikulski to call for an independent review of the project. The Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP) chaired by J. Casani (JPL) found that the earliest launch date was in late 2015 at an extra cost of $1.5bn (for a total of $6.5bn). They also pointed out that this would have required extra funding in FY2011 and FY2012 and that any later launch date would lead to a higher total cost.[89] Because the runaway budget diverted funding from other research, the science journal Nature described the James Webb as "the telescope that ate astronomy".[90] However, termination of the project as proposed by the House appropriation committee would not have provided funding to other missions, as the JWST line would have been terminated with the funding leaving astrophysics (and the NASA budget) entirely.[citation needed]
In May 2007, a full-scale model of the telescope was assembled for display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall, Washington D.C. The model was intended to give the viewing public a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of the satellite, as well as pique the interest of viewers in science and astronomy in general. The model is significantly different from the telescope, as the model must withstand gravity and weather, so is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel measuring approximately 24×12×12 m (79×39×39 ft) and weighs 5.5 tonnes (12,000 lb).
Comparison of nominal sizes of primary mirrors of the James Webb Space Telescope and some notable optical telescopes (click for detail)
3/4 view of the top
Bottom (sun-facing side)
Partnership
NASA, ESA and CSA have collaborated on the telescope since 1996. ESA's participation in construction and launch was approved by its members in 2003 and an agreement was signed between ESA and NASA in 2007. In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providing the NIRSpec instrument, the Optical Bench Assembly of the MIRI instrument, an Ariane 5 ECA launcher, and manpower to support operations.[65][98] The CSA will provide the Fine Guidance Sensor and the Near-Infrared Imager Slitless Spectrograph[99] plus manpower to support operations.
"Baffled", in this context, means enclosed in a tube in a similar manner to a conventional optical telescope, which helps to stop stray light entering the telescope from the side. For an actual example, see the following link: Freniere, E.R. (1981). http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SPIE..257...19F|url= missing title (help). Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, First-order design of optical baffles. Radiation Scattering in Optical Systems 257. pp. 19–28.
Mark Clampin (11 July 2014). "James Webb Space Telescope: The Road to First Science Observations". SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2014 (plenary talk) (SPIE Newsroom). doi:10.1117/2.3201407.11. edit
Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "High-precision cryogenic wheel mechanisms for the JWST NIRSpec instrument" 7018. pp. 701821–701821–12. doi:10.1117/12.789663. ISSN0277-786X.
Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "JWST NIRSpec mechanical design" 7018. pp. 70181Y–70181Y–15. doi:10.1117/12.789858. ISSN0277-786X.
Gardner, p. 580
Oschmann, Jr., Jacobus M.; et al. (2008). "Design and development of MIRI, the mid-IR instrument for JWST" 7010. pp. 70100T–70100T–10. doi:10.1117/12.790101. ISSN0277-786X.
Atad-Ettedgui, Eli; et al. (2008). "Manufacturing and verification of ZnS and Ge prisms for the JWST MIRI imager" 7018. pp. 701823–701823–14. doi:10.1117/12.789148. ISSN0277-786X.
Oschmann, Jr., Jacobus M.; Fischer, et al. (2008). "The JWST MIRI double-prism: design and science drivers" 7010. pp. 70103K–70103K–12. doi:10.1117/12.788672. ISSN0277-786X.
Jonathan P. Gardner; et al. (November 2006). "The James Webb Space Telescope". Space Science Reviews (Springer, Netherlands): 484–606. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-8315-7. The formal case for the JWST science, plus some implementation.
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A president is the leader of a country or a division or part of a country, typically a republic, a democracy, or a dictatorship. The title "president" is sometimes used by extension for leaders of other groups.
Etymologically, a president is one who presides (from Latinprae- "before" + sedere "to sit"; giving the term praeses). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e., chairman), but today it most commonly refers to an executive official. Among other things, "President" today is a common title for the heads of state of most republics, whether popularly elected, chosen by the legislature or by a special electoral college.
The title President is derived from the Latinprae- "before" + sedere "to sit." As such, it originally designated the officer who presides over or "sits before" a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the rules of order (see alsochairman and speaker). Early examples are from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464) and the founding President of the Royal SocietyWilliam Brouncker in 1660. This usage survives today in the title of such offices as "President of the Board of Trade" and "Lord President of the Council" in the United Kingdom, as well as "President of the Senate" (one of the roles constitutionally assigned to the Vice-President of the United States). The officiating priest at certain Anglican religious services, too, is sometimes called the "President" in this sense. However the most common modern usage is as the title of a head of state in a republic.
In pre-revolutionary France, the president of a Parlement evolved into a powerful magistrate, a member of the so-called noblesse de robe ("nobility of the gown"), with considerable judicial as well as administrative authority. The name referred to his primary role of presiding over trials and other hearings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, seats in the Parlements, including presidencies, became effectively hereditary, since the holder of the office could ensure that it would pass to an heir by paying the crown a special tax known as the paulette. The post of "first president" (premier président), however, could only be held by the King's nominees. The Parlements were abolished by the French Revolution. In modern France the chief judge of a court is known as its president (président de la cour).
The first usage of the word 'president' to denote the highest official in a government was during the Commonwealth of England. After the abolition of the monarchy the English Council of State, whose members were elected by the House of Commons, became the executive government of the Commonwealth. The Council of State was the successor of the Privy Council, which had previously been headed by the Lord President; its successor the Council of State was also headed by a Lord President, the first of which was John Bradshaw. However, the Lord President alone was not head of state, because that office was vested in the council as a whole.
The modern usage of the term 'president' to designate a single person who is the head of state of a republic can be traced directly to the United States Constitution of 1787, which created the office of President of the United States. Previous American governments had included "presidents" (such as the president of the Continental Congress or the president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress), but these were presiding officers in the older sense, with no executive authority. It has been suggested that the executive use of the term was borrowed from early American colleges and universities, which were usually headed by a president. British universities were headed by an official called the "Chancellor" (typically a ceremonial position) while the chief administrator held the title of "Vice-Chancellor". But America's first institutions of higher learning (such as Harvard University and Yale University) didn't resemble a full-sized university so much as one of its constituent colleges. A number of colleges at Cambridge University featured an official called the "President". The head, for instance, of Magdalene College, Cambridge was called the master and his second the president. The first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, had been educated at Magdalene. Some have speculated that he borrowed the term out of a sense of humility, considering himself only a temporary place-holder. The presiding official of Yale College, originally a "Rector" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "President" in 1745.
A common style of address for presidents, "Mr. President," is borrowed from British Parliamentary tradition, in which the presiding Speaker of the House of Commons is referred to as "Mr. Speaker." Coincidentally, this usage resembles the older French custom of referring to the president of a parlement as "Monsieur le Président", a form of address that in modern France applies to both the President of the Republic and to chief judges. Similarly, the Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons is addressed by francophone parliamentarians as "Monsieur/Madame Président(e)". In Pierre Choderlos de Laclos's novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses of 1782, the character identified as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel") is the wife of a magistrate in a parlement. The fictional name Tourvel refers not to the parlement in which the magistrate sits, but rather, in imitation of an aristocratic title, to his private estate.
Once the United States adopted the title of "President" for its republican Head of State, many other nations followed suit. Haiti became the first presidential republic in Latin America when Henri Christophe assumed the title in 1807. Almost all of the American nations that became independent from Spain in the early 1810s and 1820s chose a US-style president as their chief executive. The first European president was the President of the French Second Republic of 1848. (The First Republic had harkened back to the ancient Roman Republic by appointing several consuls at its head.) The first African President was the President of Liberia (1848), while the first Asian president was the President of the Republic of China (1912).[citation needed]
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the powers of presidencies have varied from country to country. The spectrum of power has included presidents-for-life and hereditary presidencies to ceremonial heads of state.
Head of state
Democratic countries
President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan Inspects an Inter Services Guard of honor
Presidents in countries with a democratic or representative form of government are usually elected for a specified period of time and in some cases may be re-elected by the same process by which they are appointed, i.e. in many nations, periodic popular elections. The powers vested in such presidents vary considerably. Some presidencies, such as that of Ireland, are largely ceremonial, whereas other systems vest the President with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of prime ministers or cabinets, the power to declare war, and powers of veto on legislation. In many nations the President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the nation's armed forces, though once again this can range from a ceremonial role to one with considerable authority.
Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college or some other democratically elected body.
In the United States, the President is indirectly elected by the Electoral College made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most U.S. states, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, are in effect voting for the candidate. However for various reasons the numbers of electors in favour of each candidate are unlikely to be proportional to the popular vote. Thus in four close U.S. elections (1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.
In Mexico, the president is directly elected for a six-year term by popular vote. The candidate who wins the most votes is elected president even without an absolute majority. The president may never get another term. The 2006 Mexican elections had a fierce competition, the electoral results showed a minimal difference between the two most voted candidates and such difference was just about the 0.58% of the total vote. The Federal Electoral Tribunal declared an elected President after a controversial post-electoral process.
In Brazil, the president is directly elected for a four-year term by popular vote. A candidate has to have more than 50% of the valid votes. If no candidates achieve a majority of the votes, there is a runoff election between the two candidates with most votes. Again, a candidate needs a majority of the vote to be elected. In Brazil, a president cannot be elected to more than two consecutive terms, but there is no limit on the number of terms a president can serve.
A second system is the semi-presidential system, also known as the French system. In this system, as in the Parliamentary system, there are both a president and a prime minister; but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. For example in France, when his party controls the majority of seats in the National Assembly, the president can operate closely with the parliament and prime minister, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by his opponents, however, the president can find himself marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as cohabitation. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the Fifth Republic by Charles de Gaulle, are used in France, Finland, Romania, Russia, Sri Lanka and several post-colonial countries which have emulated the French model.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla appointed himself in 82 BC to an entirely new office, dictator rei publicae constituendae causa, which was functionally identical to the dictatorate rei gerendae causa except that it lacked any set time limit, although Sulla held this office for over two years before he voluntarily abdicated and retired from public life. The second well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802.
Several presidents have ruled until their death, but they have not proclaimed themselves as President for Life. For instance, Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania, who ruled until his execution (see Romanian Revolution).
Presidential symbols
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, and may have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) – for symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as gun salutes, ruffles and flourishes, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the presidential sashes worn by mostly Latin American presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president.
Presidential chronologies
United Nations member countries in columns, other entities at the beginning:
Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as 'president' (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as President of the Government, President of the Council of Ministers or President of the Executive Council.
However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the country. Rather, he/she is called a president in an older sense of the word, to denote the fact that he/she heads the cabinet. A separate head of state generally exists in their country that instead serves as the president or monarch of the country.
Thus, such officials are really premiers, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally.
There are several examples for this kind of presidency:
The Prime Minister of Spain is officially referred to as the President of the Government of Spain, and informally known as the "president". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning king.
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council, acting in such a capacity, is known as a President of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the Governor and it always stays like that.
Between 1918 and 1934, Estonia had no separate head of state. Both Prime Ministers (1918-1920) and State Elders (1920-1934) often translated as "Presidents") were elected by the parliament.
In Poland the President of the City (Polish: Prezydent miasta) is the executive authority of the municipality elected in direct elections, the equivalent of the mayor. The Office of the President (Mayor) is also found in Germany and Switzerland .
In Spain, the executive leaders of the autonomous communities (regions) are called presidents. In each community, the can be called Presidente de la Comunidad or Presidente del Consejo among others. They are elected by their respective regional assemblies and have similar powers to a state president or governor.
Deputies
Below a President, there can be a number of or "Vice Presidents" (or occasionally "Deputy Presidents") and sometimes several "Assistant Presidents" or "Assistant Vice Presidents", depending on the organisation and its size. These posts do not hold the same power but more of a subordinate position to the president. However, power can be transferred in special circumstances to the Deputy or Vice President. Normally Vice Presidents hold some power and special responsibilities below that of the President. The difference between Vice/Deputy Presidents and Assistant/Associate Vice Presidents is the former are legally allowed to run an organisation, exercising the same powers (as well as being second in command) whereas the latter are not.
Legislatures
In some countries the speaker of their unicameral legislatures, or of one or both houses of bicameral legislatures, the speakers have the title of President of "the body".
France
In French legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple judges is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and this thus addressed as "Mrs President", "Madame la Présidente", Mr President", or Monsieur le Président. In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the Court of Cassation is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
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In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.[2] Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy.[8][9] Breast reconstruction may take place at the time of surgery or at a later date. In those in whom the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, treatments are mostly aimed at improving quality of life and comfort.[9]
Outcomes for breast cancer vary depending on the cancer type, extent of disease, and person's age.[9] Survival rates in the developed world are high,[10] with between 80% and 90% of those in England and the United States alive for at least 5 years.[11][12] In developing countries survival rates are poorer.[4] Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases.[13] In 2012 it resulted in 1.68 million cases and 522,000 deaths.[13] It is more common in developed countries[4] and is more than 100 times more common in women than in men.[10][14]
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Eighth & Main is an 18-story building in Boise, Idaho.[2] At 323 feet, it is the tallest building in the state. It houses the Idaho headquarters of Zions Bank, as well as other businesses.[3] Construction was completed in early 2014, and a grand opening celebration was held on February 15.[4] The location, formerly known as "the pit"[2] and the "Boise Hole",[5] had sat vacant since 1987.
Besides Zions Bank, other tenants include Holland & Hart LLP, Ruth's Chris Steak House, CTA Architects Engineers, First American Title Company, and the Idaho Technology Council.[1] Half of the top floor (17th Floor), known as the Idaho & Snake River Rooms, is available for limited public rental focused on non-profit and community orientated events.[3]
Contents
1 Former structures 2 See also 3 References 4 External links
Former structures Eastman Building, circa 1970s
Until 1987, the site was occupied by the Eastman Building, designed by Tourtellotte and Company. Originally four stories when it opened in 1905 as the Overland Building, two more were added in 1910.[6] It was renamed the Eastman Building in 1926 following the owner's death and was filled with legal, dental, and medical offices. It gradually fell from favor and it was acquired in 1972 by the Boise Redevelopment Agency for a proposed downtown mall.
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Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' National Breast Cancer Awareness Month NFL NBA Mix) In honor of Breast Cancer Awareness, Jamaal Al-Din buys a bright electric PINK backpack! Jamaal's Love Pink Gear - backpacks, etc.! 227's™ Cure Breast Cancer Project!
"Breast Cancer Awareness is close to my heart because it effects so many people," said Al-Din. "Only lung cancer accounts for more deaths in women."
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix) celebrates several national recognition efforts such as Human Rights Month and National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.
"There's a lot of popular 'Love Pink' promotional items and clothing, shirts, etc., in honor of the noble cause of fighting breast cancer," said Al-Din. "Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix) is about honoring good social, American causes, and worldwide health campaigns like Breast Cancer Awareness Month. This month I officially 'love EVERYTHING pink'."
227's™ YouTube Chili' Breast Cancer Awareness Month, NFL & NBA Chili' Videos (10/10/2014): Breast Cancer Awareness & the N.F.L. TEAM UP! Cheerleaders & Players * October is "Breast Cancer Awareness month" so I wanted to create a video tribute to the National Football League and it's cheerleaders, players, coaches and officials since the league is doing such a nice job of being involved. * NFL Breast Cancer Awareness Slideshow * Susan Lindsey during TV 3 Live Cast on NFL's Breast Cancer Awareness Month * Gridiron Kicks: A Video Recap Of Week 5’s Top NFL Cleats * With the beginning of October kicking off Breast Cancer Awareness month within the NFL, a variety of brightly colored cleats and customs were spotted this week. * San Antonio Breast Cancer Awareness Dance * Father Goose Productions, South Texas Eye Institute, Hungry Howie's Pizza and Sandra O'Connor High School all joined forces to put together this video to generate breast cancer awareness throughout San Antonio. Won't you join the cause? * Joan Lunden joins WWE and Susan G. Komen for Breast Cancer Awareness Month * Acclaimed journalist and TV host Joan Lunden speaks on behalf of the women and men who are battling breast cancer every day. * Top 5 Plays: NBA Preseason 10/06/14 * NBA 2K13 - Jodie Meeks Practicing In The Lakers Breast Cancer Awareness Jersey * Breast cancer survivor shares story as awareness month begins * Jamel McLean GAME-WINNER | Spurs vs Alba | October 8, 2014 | NBA Preseason 2014 * San Antonio Spurs Alba Berlin Jamel Mclean Game Winner Buzzer Beater 2014 NBA Preseason October 8 2014 Full Game Highlights HD Game Recap NBATV Replay NBA Global Games Germany Berlin * New Orleans Pelicans vs Miami Heat - Full Highlights | October 4, 2014 | NBA Preseason 2014 * New Orleans Pelicans Miami Heat October 4 2014 NBA Preseason Game 1 Practice Training Camp Highlights Scrimmage NBA Media Day 2014 September October NBA 2015 Season Playoffs Finals 1080p 720p HD Official
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' 2014 Monday Night Football [Seahawks/Redskins] National Anthem - Sharon Chili' Jones [CANCER SURVIVOR] and the Dap Spicy' Kings NFL NBA Mix)
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube "Chili" NBA 2014 - 2015 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:
Atlanta Hawks / Boston Celtics / Charlotte Bobcats / Chicago Bulls / Cleveland Cavaliers / Dallas Mavericks / Denver Nuggets / Detroit Pistons / Golden State Warriors / Houston Rockets / Indiana Pacers / Los Angeles Clippers / Los Angeles Lakers / Memphis Grizzlies / Miami Heat / Milwaukee Bucks / Minnesota Timberwolves / New Jersey Nets / New Orleans Hornets / New York Knicks / Orlando Magic / Philadelphia 76ers / Phoenix Suns / Portland Trail Blazers / Sacramento Kings / San Antonio Spurs / Oklahoma City Thunder (OKC) / Toronto Raptors / Utah Jazz / Washington Wizards
AFC East * Buffalo Bills / Miami Dolphins / New England Patriots / New York Jets / AFC North * Baltimore Ravens / Cincinnati Bengals / Cleveland Browns / Pittsburgh Steelers / AFC South * Houston Texans / Indianapolis Colts / Jacksonville Jaguars / Tennessee Titans / AFC West * Denver Broncos / Kansas City Chiefs / Oakland Raiders / San Diego Chargers / NFC East * Dallas Cowboys / New York Giants / Philadelphia Eagles / Washington Redskins / NFC North * Chicago Bears / Detroit Lions / Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings / NFC South * Atlanta Falcons / Carolina Panthers / New Orleans Saints / Tampa Bay Buccaneers / NFC West * Arizona Cardinals / St. Louis Rams / San Francisco 49ers / Seattle Seahawks
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' National Breast Cancer Awareness Month NFL NBA Mix) In honor of Breast Cancer Awareness, Jamaal Al-Din buys a bright electric PINK backpack! Jamaal's Love Pink Gear - backpacks, etc.! 227's™ Cure Breast Cancer Project!
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix) celebrates several national recognition efforts such as Human Rights Month and National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.
"There's a lot of popular 'Love Pink' promotional items and clothing, shirts, etc., in honor of the noble cause of fighting breast cancer," said Al-Din. "Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube Chili' NBA Mix) is about honoring good social, American causes, and worldwide health campaigns like Breast Cancer Awareness Month. This month I officially 'love EVERYTHING pink'."
227's™ YouTube Chili' Breast Cancer Awareness Month, NFL & NBA Chili' Videos (10/10/2014): Breast Cancer Awareness & the N.F.L. TEAM UP! Cheerleaders & Players * October is "Breast Cancer Awareness month" so I wanted to create a video tribute to the National Football League and it's cheerleaders, players, coaches and officials since the league is doing such a nice job of being involved. * NFL Breast Cancer Awareness Slideshow * Susan Lindsey during TV 3 Live Cast on NFL's Breast Cancer Awareness Month * Gridiron Kicks: A Video Recap Of Week 5’s Top NFL Cleats * With the beginning of October kicking off Breast Cancer Awareness month within the NFL, a variety of brightly colored cleats and customs were spotted this week. * San Antonio Breast Cancer Awareness Dance * Father Goose Productions, South Texas Eye Institute, Hungry Howie's Pizza and Sandra O'Connor High School all joined forces to put together this video to generate breast cancer awareness throughout San Antonio. Won't you join the cause? * Joan Lunden joins WWE and Susan G. Komen for Breast Cancer Awareness Month * Acclaimed journalist and TV host Joan Lunden speaks on behalf of the women and men who are battling breast cancer every day. * Top 5 Plays: NBA Preseason 10/06/14 * NBA 2K13 - Jodie Meeks Practicing In The Lakers Breast Cancer Awareness Jersey * Breast cancer survivor shares story as awareness month begins * Jamel McLean GAME-WINNER | Spurs vs Alba | October 8, 2014 | NBA Preseason 2014 * San Antonio Spurs Alba Berlin Jamel Mclean Game Winner Buzzer Beater 2014 NBA Preseason October 8 2014 Full Game Highlights HD Game Recap NBATV Replay NBA Global Games Germany Berlin * New Orleans Pelicans vs Miami Heat - Full Highlights | October 4, 2014 | NBA Preseason 2014 * New Orleans Pelicans Miami Heat October 4 2014 NBA Preseason Game 1 Practice Training Camp Highlights Scrimmage NBA Media Day 2014 September October NBA 2015 Season Playoffs Finals 1080p 720p HD Official
Jamaal Al-Din's Hoops 227 (227's™ YouTube "Chili" NBA 2014 - 2015 NBA Playoffs ESPN Spicy' Mix)-cooks da' spiciest Wikipedia information (like dat' POPEYE's FRIED CHICKEN), YouTube NBA & NFL:
Atlanta Hawks / Boston Celtics / Charlotte Bobcats / Chicago Bulls / Cleveland Cavaliers / Dallas Mavericks / Denver Nuggets / Detroit Pistons / Golden State Warriors / Houston Rockets / Indiana Pacers / Los Angeles Clippers / Los Angeles Lakers / Memphis Grizzlies / Miami Heat / Milwaukee Bucks / Minnesota Timberwolves / New Jersey Nets / New Orleans Hornets / New York Knicks / Orlando Magic / Philadelphia 76ers / Phoenix Suns / Portland Trail Blazers / Sacramento Kings / San Antonio Spurs / Oklahoma City Thunder (OKC) / Toronto Raptors / Utah Jazz / Washington Wizards
AFC East * Buffalo Bills / Miami Dolphins / New England Patriots / New York Jets / AFC North * Baltimore Ravens / Cincinnati Bengals / Cleveland Browns / Pittsburgh Steelers / AFC South * Houston Texans / Indianapolis Colts / Jacksonville Jaguars / Tennessee Titans / AFC West * Denver Broncos / Kansas City Chiefs / Oakland Raiders / San Diego Chargers / NFC East * Dallas Cowboys / New York Giants / Philadelphia Eagles / Washington Redskins / NFC North * Chicago Bears / Detroit Lions / Green Bay Packers / Minnesota Vikings / NFC South * Atlanta Falcons / Carolina Panthers / New Orleans Saints / Tampa Bay Buccaneers / NFC West * Arizona Cardinals / St. Louis Rams / San Francisco 49ers / Seattle Seahawks
