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November 2015 Paris attacks
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Locations of the attacks
Location Paris, France
Saint-Denis, France
1: near Stade de France
2: Rue Bichat and rue Alibert (Le Petit Cambodge; Le Carillon)
3: Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi (Café Bonne Bière; La Casa Nostra)
4: The Bataclan theatre
5: Rue de Charonne (La Belle Équipe)
Stars denote individual suicide bombings (excl. Bataclan)
Date 13 November 2015 –
14 November 2015
21:20 – 00:58 (CET)
Attack type
Mass shooting, hit-and-run tactics, bombing, hostage-taking, suicide attack
Weapons
AK-47 assault rifles[1]
Hand grenades
Suicide vests utilising TATP and improvised shrapnel (e.g. bolts)
Deaths
136, of which
129 immediate victims:[2]
Bataclan: 89
Le Carillon and Le Petit Cambodge: 15
Café Bonne Bière and La Casa Nostra: 5
Stade de France: 1
La Belle Équipe: 19
7 perpetrators[3]
Bataclan: 3
Stade de France: 3
Boulevard Voltaire: 1
Non-fatal injuries
352,[4] including 96 seriously; 3 died in hospital after the event.[5]
Suspected perpetrators
Bilal Hadfi, Ahmed Almuhamed, Samy Amimour, Omar Ismaël Mostefai, Ibrahim Abdeslam, Abbdulakbak B., at least two others (allegedly working for Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant). At least 12 others are suspected in supporting roles.[6][7][8]
Motive
Islamic extremism
Ideological objection to Paris as a capital of "abomination and perversion"[9]
Retaliation for French airstrikes in Syria and Iraq[10]
Foreign policy of François Hollande in relation to Muslims worldwide.[11]
On the evening of 13 November 2015, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks—consisting of mass shootings, suicide bombings, and hostage-taking—occurred in Paris, France, and Saint-Denis, one of its northern suburbs. Beginning at 21:20 CET, there were three separate suicide bombings outside the Stade de France and, nearer central Paris, there were mass shootings and a suicide bombing at four different locations.[12] The deadliest of those attacks took place at the Bataclan theatre, where attackers took hostages and engaged in a stand-off with police which ended at 00:58 on 14 November. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.[13][14][15]
129 victims were killed,[2][16] 89 of them at the Bataclan theatre.[4][17][18][19] A further 415 were admitted to hospital with injuries sustained in the attacks, including 80 people described as being seriously injured.[20] In addition to the victims, seven attackers died, and the authorities continued to search for any accomplices remaining at large.[3] The attacks were the deadliest in France since the Second World War,[21][22] and the deadliest in Europe since the Madrid train bombings in 2004.[23]
In response, French President François Hollande announced a state of emergency, the first since the 2005 riots,[23] and placed temporary controls on the country's borders.[17] People and organizations expressed solidarity including through social media. President Hollande declared the attacks as "an act of war".[24][25][26] On 15 November, France launched its largest single airstrike of Opération Chammal, its contribution to the anti-ISIL bombing campaign, by striking targets in Al-Raqqah, Syria in retaliation for the attacks.[27]
Prior to the attack, France had been bombing various targets in the Middle East, including in Syria, since October 2015.[28] ISIL's motive was retaliation for French involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Iraqi Civil War.[10][29] In the weeks leading up to the attacks, ISIL had claimed responsibility for several attacks, such as twin suicide bombings in Beirut two days earlier, and the crashing of Metrojet Flight 9268 on 31 October. France had been on high alert since the January 2015 attacks in Paris that killed 17 people, including civilians and police officers.[7] Repeated warnings by Turkish police about one of the assailants in December 2014 and June 2015 failed to get the attention of the French authorities, and interest was only shown after the attacks.[30][31]
Contents
1 Background
2 Attacks
2.1 Stade de France explosions
2.2 Street shootings and bombings
2.2.1 Rue Bichat and rue Alibert
2.2.2 Rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi
2.2.3 Rue de Charonne
2.2.4 Boulevard Voltaire bombing
2.3 Bataclan theatre massacre
3 Perpetrators
3.1 Identification
3.2 Search for further attackers
3.3 Analysis of tactics
3.4 ISIL responsibility
4 Victims
5 Aftermath
5.1 Local response
5.2 Official response
5.2.1 French governmental response
5.2.2 Intelligence review
5.2.3 Security changes
5.3 French domestic politics
5.4 Airstrikes against ISIL
5.5 International reactions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background
The French military began airstrikes in Iraq on 19 September 2014 in an operation known as Operation Chammal. In October 2015, French aircraft struck targets in Syria for the first time.[28] ISIL specifically mentioned the airstrikes when they claimed responsibility for the November 2015 attacks.[32]
France had been on high alert for terrorism since the Charlie Hebdo shooting and a series of related attacks in early January 2015.[7] France had also increased security in anticipation of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, scheduled to be held in Paris from 30 November to 11 December 2015, and had restored border checks a week before the attacks.[7] The Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015 occurred in the 11th arrondissement (district) of the city, where the Bataclan theatre is situated.[33] France witnessed other, smaller, attacks throughout 2015, including the stabbing of three soldiers in Nice guarding a Jewish community centre in February;[34] an attempt to blow up a factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier in June, resulting in the death of an employee;[35] and a shooting and stabbing spree on a train in August.[36]
Two Jewish brothers, Pascal and Joël Laloux,[37][38] owned the Bataclan theatre for more than 40 years until they sold it in September 2015.[39] The venue had been threatened several times because of their public support of Israel. In 2011, a group calling itself "Army of Islam" threatened the theatre because of this support.[40][41][42]
ISIL and their branches claimed responsibility for numerous deadly attacks which took place in the weeks leading up to the Paris attacks. On 12 November 2015, twin suicide bombings took place in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 43 people. On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268, carrying mostly Russian passengers crashed in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, killing 224 people, for which ISIL's Sinai branch claimed responsibility. On the day of the attacks, ISIL's lead executioner, Jihadi John, had probably been killed by a US drone strike[43] and ISIL lost control of Sinjar to Kurdish forces.[44]
The Paris attacks happened on the first day of the Muslim lunar month of Safar, which in 2015 fell on 13 November. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates through the seasons. Islamic State has referred to the Paris attacks as a "ghazwa" (religious raid).[45][better source needed] When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, a ghazwa's function is to weaken and demoralise an enemy in preparation for their eventual conquest and subjugation.[46] ISIS allegedly issued statements that the attacks were in response to France's involvement in airstrikes against it in Syria and Iraq and insults to Islam's prophet.[47]
Attacks
Timeline of attacks
13 November:
21:20 – First suicide bombing near the Stade de France.[12]
21:25 – Shooting at the rue Bichat.[12]
21:30 – Second suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[12]
21:32 – Shooting at the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi.[12]
21:36 – Shooting at the rue de Charonne.[12]
21:40 – Suicide bombing on boulevard Voltaire.[12]
21:40 – Three men enter the Bataclan theatre and begin shooting.[12]
21:53 – Third suicide bombing at the Stade de France.[12]
22:00 – Hostages are taken at the Bataclan.[48]
14 November:
00:20 – Security forces enter the Bataclan.[12]
00:58 – French police end the siege on the Bataclan.[48]
All times are CET (UTC+1).
Three teams[49] committed seven distinct attacks,[50] comprising four suicide bombings and six shootings.[51][52] Three explosions occurred near the Stade de France and another on boulevard Voltaire; two of the Bataclan shooters also detonated their suicide vests as police ended the stand-off.[53] Shootings were reported in the vicinity of the rue Alibert, the rue de la Fontaine-au-Roi, the rue de Charonne, the Bataclan theatre and avenue de la République.[33][54][55][56] According to the Paris prosecutor, the attackers wearing suicide vests used TATP (acetone peroxide) as an explosive.
